Rafael Cardoso is an art historian and writer, member of the postgraduate faculty in art history at the State University of Rio de Janeiro and research associate at the Latin America Institute of the Free University of Berlin. He is the author of numerous books on the history of Brazilian art and design in the 19th and 20th centuries, the most recent of which is Modernity in Black and White: Art and Image, Race and Identity in Brazil, 1890-1945 (Cambridge University Press, 2021).